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1 The Brain Tumor Center at Duke
Oncology: BTCDУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > The Brain Tumor Center at Duke
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2 Central nervous system - the brain and spine
Oncology: CNSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Central nervous system - the brain and spine
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3 brain drain
هجرة العقول، رحيل العلماءAs a result of the brain drain Britain does not have enough doctors.
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4 Brain
Among the higher mammals the great development of neocortex occurs.In each group of mammals there is a steady increase in the area of the association cortex from the most primitive to the evolutionarily most recent type; there is an increase in the number of neurons and their connections. The degree of consciousness of an organism is some function of neuronal cell number and connectivity, perhaps of neurons of a particular type in association cortex regions. This function is of a threshold type such that there is a significant quantitative break with the emergence of humans. Although the importance of language and the argument that it is genetically specified and unique to humans must be reconsidered in the light of the recent evidence as to the possibility of teaching chimpanzees, if not to speak, then to manipulate symbolic words and phrases, there are a number of unique human features which combine to make the transition not merely quantitative, but also qualitative. In particular these include the social, productive nature of human existence, and the range and extent of the human capacity to communicate. These features have made human history not so much one of biological but of social evolution, of continuous cultural transformation. (Rose, 1976, pp. 180-181)[S]ome particular property of higher primate and cetacean brains did not evolve until recently. But what was that property? I can suggest at least four possibilities...: (1) Never before was there a brain so massive; (2) Never before was there a brain with so large a ratio of brain to body mass; (3) Never before was there a brain with certain functional units (large frontal and temporal lobes, for example); (4) Never before was there a brain with so many neural connections or synapses.... Explanations 1, 2 and 4 argue that a quantitative change produced a qualitative change. It does not seem to me that a crisp choice among these four alternatives can be made at the present time, and I suspect that the truth will actually embrace most or all of these possibilities. (Sagan, 1978, pp. 107-109)The crucial change in the human brain in this million years or so has not been so much the increase in size by a factor of three, but the concentration of that increase in three or four main areas. The visual area has increased considerably, and, compared with the chimpanzee, the actual density of human brain cells is at least 50 percent greater. A second increase has taken place in the area of manipulation of the hand, which is natural since we are much more hand-driven animals than monkeys and apes. Another main increase has taken place in the temporal lobe, in which visual memory, integration, and speech all lie fairly close together. And the fourth great increase has taken place in the frontal lobes. Their function is extremely difficult to understand... ; but it is clear that they're largely responsible for the ability to initiate a task, to be attentive while it is being done, and to persevere with it. (Bronowski, 1978, pp. 23-24)The human brain works however it works. Wishing for it to work in some way as a shortcut to justifying some ethical principle undermines both the science and the ethics (for what happens to the principle if the scientific facts turn out to go the other way?). (Pinker, 1994, p. 427)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Brain
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5 brain
[breɪn] noun1) the centre of the nervous system:( also adjective) brain surgery
دماغ، مُخbrain damage.
2) ( often in plural) cleverness:ذكاء، مقدرة عقليهYou've plenty of brains.
3) a clever person:شخص ذكيHe's one of the best brains in the country.
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6 BRAIN
• Brains in the head saves blisters on the feet - За дурной головой и ногам непокой (3)• Idle brain is the devil's workshop (An) - Лень до добра не доводит (Л)• Money spent on the brain is never spent in vain - Знание лучше богатства (3)• You haven't got the brains you were born with - Умница, как попова курица (У) -
7 brain
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8 Brain Injury Association of the United States of America
Non-profit-making organization: BIAUSAУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Brain Injury Association of the United States of America
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9 Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation of the United States
Non-profit-making organization: PBTFUSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation of the United States
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10 Intentionality
Mental states are both caused by the operations of the brain and realized in the structure of the brain (and the rest of the central nervous system). Once the possibility of mental and physical phenomena standing in both these relations is understood we have removed at least one major obstacle to seeing how mental states which are caused by brain states can also cause further brain states and mental states.But this model of "caused by" and "realized in" only raises the next question, how can Intentionality function causally? Granted that Intentional states can themselves be caused by and realized in the structure of the brain, how can Intentionality itself have any causal efficacy? When I raise my arm my intention in action causes my arm to go up. This is a case of a mental event causing a physical event. But, one might ask, how could such a thing occur? My arm going up is caused entirely by a series of neuron firings. We do not know where in the brain these firings originate, but they go at some point through the motor cortex and control a series of arm muscles which contract when the appropriate neurons fire. Now what has any mental event got to do with all of this? As with our previous questions, I want to answer this one by appealing to different levels of description of a substance, where the phenomena at each of the different levels function causally. (Searle, 1983, pp. 265, 268)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Intentionality
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11 Preconscious Processing
The brain respond[s] to external stimuli which, for one reason or another, are not consciously perceived. The effect of such stimuli may be almost as varied as those of sensory inflow which does enter consciousness. They include the evoking and determination of cortical potentials, changes in the EEG, the production of electrodermal responses, and changes in sensory threshold. They also include effects on memory, the influencing of lexical decisions, and such subjective manifestations as changes in conscious perceptual experience, dreams, and the evoking of appropriate effects. (Dixon, 1981, p. 262)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Preconscious Processing
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12 HEILI
* * *m. brain, = hjarni.* * *a, m. the brain, Gm. 40, Edda 6, Hkr. i. 42, Grág. it. 11, Nj. 114, Fbr. 137, passim.COMPDS: heilabrot, heilabú, heilaböst, heilaköst. -
13 conmoción cerebral
• brain injury• concussion• concussion of the brain -
14 Virtual Machine
wo programs can be thought of as strongly equivalent or as different realizations of the same algorithm or the same cognitive process if they can be represented by the same program in some theoretically specified virtual machine. A simple way of stating this is to say that we individuate cognitive processes in terms of their expression in the canonical language of this virtual machine. The formal structure of the virtual machine-or what I call its functional architecture-thus represents the theoretical definition of, for example, the right level of specificity (or level of aggregation) at which to view mental processes, the sort of functional resources the brain makes available-what operations are primitive, how memory is organized and accessed, what sequences are allowed, what limitations exist on the passing of arguments and on the capacities of various buffers, and so on. (Pylyshyn, 1984, p. 92)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Virtual Machine
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15 подвержен поражениям
•The alkyl mercurials attack the brain cells which are particularly susceptible to injury by this form of mercury.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > подвержен поражениям
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16 exodedes cerveaux
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17 fuite des cerveaux
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18 nervous system
the brain, spinal cord and nerves of a person or animal.جِهاز عَصَبي -
19 mózg
m (G mózgu) 1. Anat. brain- guz mózgu a brain tumour2. (umysł) brain C/U, mind- wytężyć mózg to rack a. wrack one’s brain(s)- poczułem pustkę w mózgu my mind went blank3. przen. (o człowieku) mastermind; the brains pot.- najtęższe mózgi naszej epoki the greatest minds of our time- być mózgiem planu/ataku to be the mastermind behind a project/an attack* * *-u; -i; mbrain; (przen) mastermind* * *mi1. anat. brain, cerebrum, encephalon; lewa/prawa półkula mózgu the left/right hemisphere; płaty mózgu cerebral lobes.2. pat. gąbczaste zwyrodnienie mózgu spongiform encephalopathy; guz mózgu encephaloma, brain tumour; obrzęk mózgu cerebral edema; udar mózgu apoplexy; ustanie czynności mózgu brain death; uszkodzenie mózgu brain damage; wstrząs l. wstrząśnienie mózgu concussion (of the brain); wylew krwi do mózgu cerebral hemorrhage; pot. stroke; zapalenie mózgu brain fever, encephalitis; zapalenie mózgu i rdzenia encephalomyelitis.3. przen. burza mózgów brainstorming; drenaż mózgów brain drain; poddać praniu mózgu brainwash; pranie mózgu brainwashing; trust mózgów brain trust; think tank.4. pot. przen. (= autor planu) mastermind, the brains; mózg spisku/operacji the brains behind the plot/operation.5. mózg elektronowy przest. (= komputer) electronic brain.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > mózg
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20 cerveau
masculine noun• la fuite or l'exode des cerveaux the brain drain* * *pl cerveaux sɛʀvo nom masculin1) Anatomie brain2) ( siège de l'intelligence) mind3) ( personne intelligente) brain (colloq)exode or fuite des cerveaux — brain drain
c'est un cerveau — he/she has an outstanding mind
4) ( directeur) brains (+ v sg); ( centre directeur) nerve centre••avoir le cerveau fêlé (colloq) or dérangé — to be deranged ou cracked (colloq)
* * *sɛʀvocerveaux pl nm1) (= organe) brainC'est un cerveau. — He's got brains.
2) (= chef)* * *1 Anat brain;2 ( siège de l'intelligence) mind; cerveau débile/puissant feeble/powerful mind;3 ( personne intelligente) brain○; importer/attirer des cerveaux to import/attract the best brains○; exode or fuite des cerveaux brain drain; la chasse aux cerveaux talent hunting; c'est un cerveau he/she has an outstanding mind, he's/she's got brains○;4 ( organisateur) c'est elle le cerveau de l'association she's the brains of the association; c'est le cerveau du projet/des attentats he's/she's the brains ou mastermind behind the project/the attacks.cerveau antérieur forebrain; cerveau électronique Ordinat electronic brain; cerveau moyen midbrain; cerveau postérieur hindbrain.il a le cerveau malade (familier) ou dérangé (familier) ou fêlé (familier) he's got a screw loose, he's cracked2. (familier) [généralementie] brainy person3. [instigateur] brains4. INFORMATIQUE
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